Radiation refers to the emission and transfer of energy from atoms and can originate from both natural and artificial sources [1]. The primary source of natural radiation exposure is radon gas, which is released during the decay of radium (Ra-226) present in the Earth’s crust [2]. In contrast, over 95% of artificial radiation exposure is attributed to medical applications [3]. Therefore, radiation-related practices in healthcare settings must be rigorously monitored to ensure safety.

Radiation is classified into ionizing and non-ionizing types based on its energy levels. Ionizing radiation, which has the capability to ionize atoms in the substances it interacts with, constitutes the predominant type of artificial radiation [4]. X-rays, widely employed in diagnostic imaging, fall under this category and can induce biological effects in living organisms through direct or indirect interactions [5]. Medical imaging technologists utilize advanced imaging technologies, including computed tomography (CT), mammography, conventional radiography, and dental radiology, to perform diagnostic procedures. Given the increasing scope and frequency of these applications, healthcare professionals face heightened radiation exposure [6]. Therefore, knowledge and expertise in radiation protection are fundamental in medical imaging to safeguard both patients and healthcare workers [7].

To standardize radiation protection training, the European Union has established guidelines that outline curricula and course content for university education in this field [8]. Technicians involved in diagnostic and therapeutic radiation applications must possess comprehensive knowledge of both the benefits and risks of radiation, as well as the principles of radiation protection [9]. Professional radiation safety measures encompass protocols designed to protect healthcare personnel involved in imaging and treatment procedures [10]. Without adequate protective measures, healthcare professionals—especially those working with radiation-intensive modalities such as CT, interventional radiology, nuclear medicine, and radiotherapy—are at risk of adverse health effects, including skin burns, hair loss, acute radiation syndrome, and, with prolonged exposure, an increased likelihood of cancer [11, 12].

Radiation is a natural component of everyday life and occurs inherently, making constant protection unnecessary, particularly at low exposure levels. However, the adverse effects of radiation are documented, and acquiring sufficient knowledge is essential for effectively mitigating the risks associated with high levels of exposure [13]. As a result, monitoring the level of radiation protection knowledge among future healthcare professionals is crucial [14]. This study aims to evaluate the awareness of radiation protection education among medical technology students before and after their hospital internships. Students specializing in medical imaging technology and radiation therapy undertake clinical training in radiology, nuclear medicine, and radiation oncology departments, where they apply theoretical knowledge in practical settings. Given that these students will actively work with radiation, it is essential that they are well-versed in radiation safety protocols to protect both themselves and their patients. Enhancing their understanding of radiation protection not only ensures their safety but also promotes a culture of responsibility in radiation-based healthcare practices.

According to the study’s findings, students demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in their awareness regarding the radiation protection sub-dimension following the completion of their internship. This change is attributed to the correct behaviors they observed among healthcare professionals during their training. Observing the use of personal protective equipment by healthcare workers heightened their awareness of the necessity of utilizing such equipment themselves. Additionally, the importance of protective measures was better understood in terms of both occupational health and patient safety. Other key findings include students’ recognition of the necessity of recording and monitoring radiation exposure during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. A significant increase in awareness was observed regarding the potential risks of radiation exposure to the fetus during pregnancy and the implementation of safety protocols to mitigate radiation hazards. The role of radiation warning signs within safety protocols, as outlined in safe radiation use guidelines, was comprehended. Furthermore, students gained insight into the unique working conditions in radiation-exposed areas compared to other environments, along with the specific responsibilities of personnel working in these settings. Students also understood the purpose of dosimeters for monitoring radiation exposure among workers in radiation areas and the necessity of regular dose assessments. The content of the radiation protection training emphasized the biological effects of radiation on healthcare professionals and reinforced the principle of dose limitation as a fundamental aspect of radiation safety.

As a result of this study, it was determined that radiation exposure should be recorded and monitored during diagnostic and treatment procedures. Additionally, the necessity of implementing safety protocols to minimize the potential consequences of radiation hazards was acknowledged. A review of studies on similar topics in the literature revealed that while 9.6% of students reported having knowledge about radiation, approximately 84.3% lacked sufficient understanding of radiation safety and required further education [15]. These findings emphasize the importance of providing students with more comprehensive education on radiation safety, as well as practical training through internships, to enhance their awareness and preparedness in this field.

A study conducted on radiology technicians working in a hospital revealed that they were largely unaware of radiation protection measures and the permissible annual dose limits [16]. This finding underscores the need to reinforce theoretical training with practical application. Similarly, in the context of protective clothing use for radiation safety, another study supports this conclusion, reporting that the utilization rate of lead aprons was 51%, while the use of protective glasses was only 14%. In a separate study, the prevalence of protective glasses usage was found to be as low as 4.5% [17]. Additionally, only 31% of radiology technicians reported regularly wearing protective aprons [18], and another study further supported this finding by indicating that just 22.5% of radiology technicians consistently used lead aprons [19]. Furthermore, the compliance of interventional radiology practitioners (radiology technicians) with recommended behavioral attitudes toward radiation protection, including the use of lead aprons and protective glasses, was scored at 65 out of 100. These findings from the literature highlight the necessity of maintaining a consistently high level of awareness regarding radiation safety to ensure both occupational protection and patient safety.

There are significant studies in the literature highlighting the consequences of neglecting radiation protection measures. Long-term exposure to radiation has been reported to result in health issues such as cataracts and certain types of cancer [20]. Research has also shown that healthcare workers are unnecessarily exposed to radiation due to insufficient protective equipment and the inadequate implementation of safety measure [21]. Studies assessing the awareness and practices of healthcare professionals exposed to ionizing radiation have indicated that many do not fully adhere to radiation protection protocols and often work without implementing appropriate protective measures [22]. Given these findings, raising awareness of radiation protection among students during their education is critically important.

If a healthcare worker is exposed to unnecessary, erroneous, or excessive radiation, this situation is considered a preventable medical error. The failure of healthcare workers to use radiation protection measures (such as lead aprons and dosimeters) and the lack of proper supervision further contribute to this preventable medical error. Therefore, ensuring effective radiation protection depends on increasing awareness among individuals working in radiation-exposed environments. This study has demonstrated that students’ awareness of radiation protection improves through education and practical training. A healthcare professional who is conscious of radiation protection will not only safeguard themselves from radiation exposure but also contribute to patient safety by minimizing unnecessary radiation exposure.

To enhance awareness of radiation safety, practical training sessions can be organized to demonstrate the implementation of radiation safety protocols in the hospital environment. These training sessions can be delivered using virtual reality or augmented reality technologies. Additionally, newly recruited personnel should be supervised by experienced staff to ensure that they do not make errors in radiation safety practices. Furthermore, employees can be provided with regular individual and general reports on their radiation exposure levels. In this way, medical technicians will become significantly more aware of maintaining their radiation safety.

To enhance students’ awareness, informative visual materials on radiation safety can be displayed within the university. A designated radiation safety week can be established, during which various events, seminars, and workshops are organized to increase students’ knowledge and awareness. Additionally, online educational platforms can be developed, incorporating interactive e-learning modules and assessments related to radiation safety. Through these initiatives, students will develop a heightened awareness of radiation safety throughout their educational process.

This study, which focuses on awareness of radiation safety, will serve as a guide for future research on this subject. Although conducted with students, the findings can provide valuable insights for future studies examining radiation safety awareness among healthcare professionals or patients. Additionally, future research could explore alternative recommendations from healthcare professionals or patients regarding radiation protection, with efforts directed toward developing and improving these protective measures.